Ganglion Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Have you ever had a small, round lump near your wrist, fingers, or even your foot and wondered what it was? It might be a ganglion cyst. These fluid-filled sacs are common. In fact, over 60% of soft-tissue masses found in the hand and wrist are ganglion cysts. Although these cysts are often harmless, they can cause discomfort. For example, simply holding the weight of a pitcher of water or coffee pot can cause pain when you have a ganglion cyst.

Key Facts About Ganglion Cysts

1. Ganglion cysts are noncancerous, fluid-filled lumps that commonly form just below the skin near joints and tendons.

2. They most often appear on the wrists, fingers, feet, and ankles.

3. The exact cause is unknown, but they are linked to joint irritation, repetitive motion, and previous injuries.

4. Many cysts disappear on their own, but treatment options include aspiration, immobilization, and surgery.

5. While usually painless, ganglion cysts can cause discomfort if they press on nerves or restrict movement.

What is a ganglion cyst?

A ganglion cyst is a noncancerous, fluid-filled lump that typically develops near joints or tendons, most commonly in the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. These cysts are filled with a thick, jelly-like substance and can vary in size. Some cysts remain small and asymptomatic, while others may grow or shrink over time. Ganglion cysts are among the most common soft tissue lumps, particularly on the wrist. While not life-threatening, they can cause pain or restrict movement if they press on nearby nerves.

What causes ganglion cysts to grow?

While the exact cause of a ganglion cyst is unclear, several contributing factors have been identified. Repetitive strain or overuse of a joint or tendon, particularly in activities involving frequent hand or wrist movements, can irritate the tissues and potentially trigger cyst development. Similarly, previous injuries, such as sprains or fractures, can disrupt the normal joint structure and increase susceptibility. Furthermore, individuals with osteoarthritis, particularly affecting the finger joints, tend to have a higher propensity for ganglion cyst formation. According to a National Library of Medicine article, ganglion cysts also tend to be more prevalent in individuals between 20 and 50 years old and are more commonly observed in women than men.

What are the symptoms of a ganglion cyst?

Sometimes ganglion cysts are painless, but you may experience discomfort depending on the cyst's size and location. Common symptoms include:

• A Noticeable Lump: The most obvious sign of a ganglion cyst is a visible bump under the skin. It may feel firm or slightly soft.

• Pain or Tingling: If the cyst presses on a nerve, it may cause pain, tingling, or a numb sensation.

• Restricted Movement: In some cases, the cyst can limit joint mobility, making movements stiff or uncomfortable.

• Size Variability: The cyst may change in size, getting larger with joint movement and shrinking when the joint is at rest.

How is a ganglion cyst diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination by a healthcare provider. They will press on the lump to check for tenderness and may shine a light through the cyst (transillumination) to confirm it's filled with fluid. Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, X-rays, or MRI, may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Aspiration, where fluid is extracted with a needle, can also be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

What are treatment options for ganglion cysts?

Treatment for ganglion cysts varies depending on the severity of symptoms and patient preferences. Many cysts resolve spontaneously, so monitoring may be recommended. A brace or splint can restrict movement, reducing irritation and potentially shrinking the cyst. However, prolonged immobilization can weaken muscles. Aspiration, where a needle is used to extract fluid from the cyst, provides temporary relief, but recurrence is common. Surgery, involving the removal of the cyst and its stalk, is considered when other treatments fail or the cyst is significantly bothersome. Recovery typically involves a few weeks of limited activity.

Home Remedies and Myths

In the past, people attempted to “pop” ganglion cysts using heavy books—hence the nickname "Bible cyst." However, this is not a recommended method because it can cause tissue damage and infection. If you're dealing with a cyst, it's best to consult a medical professional.

Frequently Asked Questions About Ganglion Cysts

Can ganglion cysts become cancerous?
No, ganglion cysts are benign and do not develop into cancer.

Are ganglion cysts contagious?
No, they are not contagious and cannot spread from person to person.

Can I pop a ganglion cyst at home?
It is not recommended, as this can lead to infection or tissue damage.

Will a ganglion cyst go away on its own?
Many cysts resolve without treatment, but some persist or recur.

Does massaging a ganglion cyst help?
Gentle massage may not cause harm, but it is unlikely to make the cyst disappear.

Can exercise make a ganglion cyst worse?
Repetitive motion may enlarge the cyst or increase discomfort.

Is surgery the only permanent solution?
Surgery offers the lowest recurrence rate, but other treatments may work depending on the individual case.

When should you see a doctor?

While ganglion cysts can go away on their own, you should seek medical attention if:

• The cyst is painful.

• It keeps growing or changing in shape.

• It affects your ability to move your joints.

• You notice signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or drainage.

If you're experiencing a persistent or painful ganglion cyst, please contact the specialists at The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics.